According to DNA evidence from surviving descendants and oral history, Jefferson fathered at least six children with Hemings, including four that survived to adulthood. Since Jefferson's time, controversy has revolved around his relationship with Sally Hemings, a mixed-race enslaved woman, and his late wife's half-sister. Jefferson championed the ideals, values, and teachings of the Enlightenment.ĭuring his lifetime, Jefferson owned over 600 slaves, who were kept in his household and on his plantations. Among his books is Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), considered perhaps the most important American book published before 1800. He was a prolific letter writer and corresponded with many prominent people, including Edward Carrington, John Taylor of Caroline and James Madison. A philologist, Jefferson knew several languages. Jefferson's keen interest in religion and philosophy led to his presidency of the American Philosophical Society he shunned organized religion but was influenced by Christianity, Epicureanism, and deism. He was an architect in the classical tradition. Jefferson (while primarily a planter, lawyer, and politician) mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and mechanics. The same year, Jefferson signed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves. In 1807, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act in response to British threats to U.S.
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His second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former vice president Aaron Burr. As a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. To make room for settlement, Jefferson began a controversial process of Indian tribal removal from the newly acquired territory. Starting in 1803, Jefferson promoted a western expansionist policy, organizing the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the nation's land area. After concluding his presidency, Jefferson would eventually reconcile with Adams and shared a correspondence that lasted fourteen years.Īs president, Jefferson pursued the nation's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. Jefferson would later go on to challenge Adams again in 1800 and win the presidency.
In the 1796 presidential election between Jefferson and Adams, Jefferson came second, which according to electoral procedure at the time, unintentionally elected him as vice president to Adams. However, Jefferson's status as a Democratic-Republican would end up making Adams, a Federalist, his political rival. Jefferson was a longtime friend of John Adams, both serving in the Continental Congress and drafting the Declaration of Independence together. With Madison, he anonymously wrote the provocative Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 17, which sought to strengthen states' rights by nullifying the federal Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System. In 1785, Jefferson was appointed the United States Minister to France, and subsequently, the nation's first Secretary of State under President George Washington from 1790 to 1793. He served as the second Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781, during the American Revolutionary War. As a Virginia legislator, he drafted a state law for religious freedom.
The principal author of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights, motivating American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national levels.ĭuring the American Revolution, Jefferson represented Virginia in the Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration of Independence.
He had previously served as the second vice president of the United States under John Adams and as the first United States Secretary of State under George Washington. Thomas Jefferson (Ap – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Minister Plenipotentiary for Negotiating Treaties of Amity and Commerceĭelegate from Virginia to the Congress of the Confederationĭelegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress
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